Question 1

According to Piaget,_____ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.

Accepted Answer

A)   accommodation
B)   assimilation
C)   acculturation
D)   attachmentE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Prefigurative,cofigurative,and postfigurative morality
B)   Classical,operant,and linear morality
C)   Authoritative,permissive,and submissive morality
D)   Preconventional,conventional,and postconventional moralityE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   It involves moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.
B)   It involves compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards.
C)   It is based on the concepts related to religion,spirituality,and divinity.
D)   It involves conformity to rules that are defined by others' approval or society's rules.E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Which of the following refers to how well a child's temperament matches the expectations and values of the parents,environment,and culture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavioral inhibition
B)  Temperamental interaction
C)  Ambivalent attachment
D)  Goodness of fitE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

According to the three ethics approach to morality (Jensen,2011) ,the _____ emphasizes the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)  utility ethics
B)  ethic of reciprocity
C)  ethic of divinity
D)  virtue ethicsE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 6

DeVries's research in Kenya (1984,1989)on the goodness of fit between a Masai infant's temperament and his or her environment concluded that a particular type of temperament may be adaptive in one culture and maladaptive in another.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 7

As with virtually all aspects of development,there are both similarities and differences across cultures concerning what is considered moral.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following are the three attachment styles described by Ainsworth's (1967,1977) in her classification system of attachment relationships?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insecure,ambiguous,and avoidant
B)  Secure,ambivalent,and avoidant
C)  Primary,secondary,and ambiguous
D)  Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-upE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Children are unable to understand the other person's point of view.
B)   Children develop the ability to think logically about abstract concepts,such as peace and freedom.
C)   Instead of thinking a problem through,children tend to rely on trial-and-error strategies.
D)   Children understand the world through their sensory perceptions and motor behaviors.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above C

Question 10

According to Jensen's three ethics approach to morality (2011) ,which of the following emphasizes individual rights and justice,in line with the type of moral reasoning highlighted in Kohlberg's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ethic of justice
B)  The ethic of divinity
C)  The ethic of autonomy
D)  The ethic of diversityE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Piaget hypothesized that two primary mechanisms are responsible for movement from one stage of his cognitive development theory to the next.These two mechanisms are:

Accepted Answer

A)   inspiration and motivation.
B)   success and growth.
C)   obligation and passion.
D)   assimilation and accommodation.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 12

According to Ainsworth,a major determinant of attachment security is having a caregiver who is sensitive and responsive to a child's needs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 13

In the context of cross-cultural studies on temperament,which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Freedman (1974) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   The European American babies were more placid than the Chinese American babies.
B)   The Chinese American babies were calmer than the European American babies.
C)   The African American babies were calmer than the Chinese American babies.
D)   The Chinese American babies were less placid than the African American babies.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 14

According to Thomas and Chess (1977) ,what are the three major categories of temperament?

Accepted Answer

A)  Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up
B)  Active,passive,and moderate
C)  Complacent,irritable,and clingy
D)  Secure,ambivalent,and avoidantE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

According to Jensen (2008,2011) ,which of the following is true of the three ethics of morality?

Accepted Answer

A)  The three ethics are based on that fact that cognitive development proceeds in a predictable,invariant sequence.
B)  Jensen cites evidences that all three ethics show up in similar cultures around the world.
C)  The three ethics differ from one another in their understanding of why something is wrong or right.
D)  The ethic of autonomy is considered more morally advanced than the other two ethics.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

According to the study conducted by Turiel and his colleagues on whether children distinguish between moral and nonmoral issues,_____ rules apply to certain groups,are changeable,and are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.

Accepted Answer

A)   centration
B)   conventional
C)   moral
D)   personalE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 17

_____ is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive development
B)  Physical development
C)  Motor development
D)  Somatic developmentE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 18

Cross-cultural studies suggest that Kohlberg's theory of moral development,as well as the methods for scoring moral stages according to verbal reasoning,may not recognize higher levels of morality as defined in some cultures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

_____ is an intense,irregular,withdrawing style,generally marked by negative moods.

Accepted Answer

A)   Moderate temperament
B)   Medium temperament
C)   Slow-to-warm-up temperament
D)   Difficult temperamentE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

According to the three ethics approach to morality described by Jensen (2011) ,in the _____,moral understanding relies heavily on considering one's duties,obligations,and roles within the group.

Accepted Answer

A)  ethic of diversity
B)  ethic of divinity
C)  ethic of justice
D)  ethic of communityE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Exam 4: Culture and Developmental Processes

According to Piaget,_____ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a characteristic of Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following refers to how well a child's temperament matches the expectations and values of the parents,environment,and culture?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the three ethics approach to morality (Jensen,2011) ,the _____ emphasizes the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

DeVries's research in Kenya (1984,1989)on the goodness of fit between a Masai infant's temperament and his or her environment concluded that a particular type of temperament may be adaptive in one culture and maladaptive in another.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

As with virtually all aspects of development,there are both similarities and differences across cultures concerning what is considered moral.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are the three attachment styles described by Ainsworth's (1967,1977) in her classification system of attachment relationships?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

According to Jensen's three ethics approach to morality (2011) ,which of the following emphasizes individual rights and justice,in line with the type of moral reasoning highlighted in Kohlberg's theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Piaget hypothesized that two primary mechanisms are responsible for movement from one stage of his cognitive development theory to the next.These two mechanisms are:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Ainsworth,a major determinant of attachment security is having a caregiver who is sensitive and responsive to a child's needs.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

In the context of cross-cultural studies on temperament,which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Freedman (1974) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Thomas and Chess (1977) ,what are the three major categories of temperament?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Jensen (2008,2011) ,which of the following is true of the three ethics of morality?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the study conducted by Turiel and his colleagues on whether children distinguish between moral and nonmoral issues,_____ rules apply to certain groups,are changeable,and are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cross-cultural studies suggest that Kohlberg's theory of moral development,as well as the methods for scoring moral stages according to verbal reasoning,may not recognize higher levels of morality as defined in some cultures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is an intense,irregular,withdrawing style,generally marked by negative moods.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the three ethics approach to morality described by Jensen (2011) ,in the _____,moral understanding relies heavily on considering one's duties,obligations,and roles within the group.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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